Bacteria isolated from Korean black raspberry vinegar with low biogenic amine production in wine

Abstract A high concentration of histamine, one of the biogenic amines (BAs) usually found in fermented foods, can cause undesirable physiological side effects in sensitive humans. The objective of this study is to isolate indigenous Acetobacter strains from naturally fermented Bokbunja vinegar in Korea with reduced histamine production during starter fermentation. Further, we examined its physiological and biochemical properties, including BA synthesis. The obtained strain MBA-77, identified as Acetobacter aceti by 16S rDNA homology and biochemical analysis and named A. aceti MBA-77. A. aceti MBA-77 showed optimal acidity % production at pH 5; the optimal temperature was 25 °C. When we prepared and examined the BAs synthesis spectrum during the fermentation process, Bokbunja wine fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed that the histamine concentration increased from 2.72 of Bokbunja extract to 5.29 mg/L and cadaverine and dopamine was decreased to 2.6 and 10.12 mg/L, respectively. Bokbunja vinegar prepared by A. aceti MBA-77 as the starter, the histamine concentration of the vinegar preparation step was decreased up to 3.66 mg/L from 5.29 mg/L in the wine preparation step. To our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate acetic acid bacteria isolated from Bokbunja seed vinegar with low spectrum BA and would be useful for wellbeing vinegar preparation.

Incidencia de histamina y de bacterias indicadoras de calidad higiénica, en filetes, ruedas y trozos de pescado de especies pelágicas comercializadas en un mercado de pescado de la isla de Margarita (Venezuela) / Incidence histamine and hygienic quality indicators´s bacteria in fillets, slice and pieces pelagic fish´s marketing in one fish´s market of Margarita´s Island (Venezuela)

Se estudió la incidencia de histamina y de bacterias indicadoras de manejo higiénico en filetes, ruedas y trozos de diez especies de pescado en estado fresco, (Euthynnus alletteratus; Caranx latus; Ophisthonema oglinum; Alectis crinitus; Sardinella aurita; Thunnus alalunga; Sarda sarda; Scomberomorus cavalla; Coryphaena hippurus y Xyphias gladius), comercializadas en un mercado de pescado de Isla de Margarita (Venezuela). Según normas COVENIN se enumeraron (UFC g-1) aerobios a 25 y 32 °C, coliformes fecales y Escherichia coli (NMP g-1); histamina (mg/100 g) y pH. También recuentos (UFC g-1) de enterobacterias (ICMSF) y bacterias descarboxiladoras de histidina (Niven y otros). Todos los recuentos de aerobios a 25 °C excedieron el valor m (Log10 = 5,70 UFC g-1) fijado por ICMSF (1986). La prueba r de Pearson indicó que los recuentos a 25 y 32 °C estuvieron altamente relacionados (n = 90; r = 0,89; p < 0,01). E. coli superó en el 76% de las muestras el valor m (Log10 = 1,04 NMP g-1). Las mayores cifras de histamina se detectaron en T. alalunga (promedio 43,5 mg/100 g en uno de tres muestreos); seguido por S. aurita (promedios de 23,7 y 28,0 mg/100 g respectivamente, en dos muestreos). Sólo en muestras de T. alalunga se detectaron olores penetrantes y músculos con elasticidad disminuida. Estos datos y la observación de factores adversos, tales como contacto directo con superficies y utensilios sucios, restos de vísceras, desangrado deficiente, presencia de insectos, utilización de agua no potable y la exposición a temperaturas no apropiadas, reflejan que la manipulación del pescado no fue adecuada. Se recomienda que inspectores sanitarios implementen acciones tendentes a corregir estas deficiencias.

The incidence of histamine and of bacteria that indicate hygienic handling of fillets, slices and pieces of ten pelagic fresh fish (Euthynnus alletteratus; Caranx latus; Ophisthonema oglinum; Alectis crinitus; Sardinella aurita; Thunnus alalunga; Sarda sarda; Scomberomorus cavalla; Coryphaena hippurus and Xyphias gladius), sold in a fish market at Margarita Island (Venezuela) was assessed. According to COVENIN´s norms, total aerobic plate count (FCU g-1) at 25 and 32 °C; fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli (MPN g-1); histamine (mg/100 g) and pH were measured. Also, members of the Enterobacteriaceae family (FCU g-1) and histamine producing bacteria were counted, according to ICMSF and Niven et al respectively. All total aerobic plate count at 25 °C surpassed the m number (Log10 = 5.70 CFU g-1) established by ICMSF (1986). The Pearson test (r) showed that bacteria total counts at 25 and 32 °C were highly related (n = 90; r = 0.89; p < 0.01). E. coli exceeded in 76% of samples the number (Log10 = 1.04 MPN g-1). Histamine biggest numbers were detected in T. alalunga (average 43.5 mg/100 g in one of three samplings), followed by S. aurita (averages of 23.7 and 28.0 mg/100 g respectively, in two samplings). Only in T. alalunga samples were penetrating odors detected and muscles with reduced elasticity. This data and the adverse factors observed, such as: fish in direct contact with dirty areas and utensils, leftover viscera, faulty bleeding, presence of insects, use of non potable water and the exposition of fish at inappropriate temperatures, revealed the handling of fish was not suitable. It is recommended that sanitary officers carry out actions necessary to correct these deficiencies.

Estudio de la estabilidad microbiológica de la barracuda a través del tiempo de almacenaje en Costa Rica / Microbiological stability through storage period of Sphyraena ensis in Costa Rica

En el presente estudio se evaluaron algunos de los cambios microbiológicos y bioquímicos producidos en una especie de pez de consumo frecuente en Costa Rica, como lo es la barracuda Sphyraena ensis. Se evaluaron muestras de barracuda obtenidas durante la estación lluviosa y durante la estación seca. A cada una de éstas se le realizó un recuento aerobio psicrófilo, recuento e identificación de Vibrio, Enterococcus y Pseudomonas durante 6 días de almacenaje a dos temperaturas, 2 y 7ºC. Así también, se le realizó a cada una, la evaluación de la concentración de histamina producida mediante un inmunoensayo enzimático comercial. Los resultados obtenidos ponen de manifiesto que se da un incremento en los recuentos obtenidos a través del tiempo de almacenaje, dicho crecimiento es mayor al aumentar la temperatura de refrigeración. La mayoría de muestras mantenidas a 7ºC presentan recuentos superiores a 106 UFC/g luego de tres días de almacenaje, situación que no se presenta en las muestras mantenidas a 2ºC. No obstante, luego de 6 días de almacenaje, todas las muestras, independientemente de la temperatura de almacenaje, sobrepasan este valor. De la misma manera, se da un incremento en la concentración de histamina producida a través del tiempo de almacenaje, especialmente al conservar el producto a mayor temperatura debido al aumento de bacterias capaces de descarboxilar la histidina. No existe una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los recuentos obtenidos en estación lluviosa con respecto a la estación seca, no obstante, sí existe una diferencia con respecto a los géneros bacterianos aislados.

At the present study some of the microbiological and biochemical changes that occur through storage period in Sphyraena ensis, a fish specie of frequent consumption in Costa Rica were studied. Samples of S. ensis obtained during rainy and dry season were evaluated. Analysis included aerobic psychrotrophic count, identification and count of Vibrio, Enterococcus and Pseudomonas through a six day storage period at two different refrigeration temperatures, 2 and 7ºC. Same time, a commercial enzymatic immunoassay was used for the evaluation of the variation on the concentration of histamine produced in the different samples. Results obtained show that there is an increase on the bacteriological counts through the storage period, this increase is bigger as refrigeration temperature increases. Most of the samples maintained at 7ºC showed counts above 106 CFU/g after three days of storage, those stored at 2ºC did not present such high population levels. Nevertheless, after 6 days of storage, all samples, despite the storage temperature used, presented levels above the described one. Also, an histamine concentration increased through storage time, especially when the product was conserved at the higher temperature due to an increase in the number of histidine descarboxilating bacteria. There is no statistical difference between the counts obtained during rainy or dry season; nevertheless, there is a difference assicieated to the bacterial genera isolated.

Análisis proximal y determinación de histamina en atún enlatado en aceite y al natural / Proximate analysis and histamine determination in oil an natural canned tuna

El atún enlatado es uno de los alimentos de mayor consumo en el país por su fácil adquisición, preparación y excelentes propiedades nutricionales. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar la composición proximal y presencia de histamina en tres marcas comerciales de atún enlatado al natural y en aceite, comercializado en la ciudad de Maracaibo, Estado Zulia, Venezuela. Para cada marca se recolectaron en total 30 envases, 15 de presentación aceite y 15 al natural. La recolección se efectuó en 5 muestreos, a intervalos de 15 días para cada uno. La adquisición de las muestras se realizó a nivel de supermercado. En la determinación del contenido de humedad, proteína y cenizas se emplearon los métoso oficiales de la Asociación Oficial de Químicos Analíticos (AOAC) para la determinación de la grasa se utilizó la metodología de Bligh y Dyer. La presencia de Histamina se evaluó por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC). Se encontraron diferencias en la composición proximal del atún de acuerdo a la marca comercial y el medio de presentación. Para el atún enlatado al natural los valores de humedad se encontraron entre 71,98-75,59 por ciento, proteínas entre 21,26-25,22 por ciento, grasa 1,62-2,66 por ciento y cenizas 1,48-1,57 por ciento. Los valores para el atún enlatado en aceite fueron de 66,43-67,12 por ciento para humedad, 23,44-25,84 por ciento proteínas, 6,45-8,68 por ciento grasa y 1,11-1,46 por ciento de cenizas. Todas las muestras de atún enlatado analizadas presentaron histamina, en algunos casos el nivel encontrado fue cercano al límite de tolerancia establecido por la Administración de Drogas y Alimentos de Norteamérica (FDA) de 50 ppm, por lo que se sugiere monitoreos constantes en el atún elaborado en el país

Canned Tuna is one of the most consumed products in the country because of its easy acquisition, preparation and excellent nutritional properties. The objective of this research was to determine proximate composition and histamine presence in three commercial brands of canned tuna preserved in water and oil, expended in Maracaibo City, Zulia State, Venezuela. 30 cans of each brand were collected, 15 in oil and 15 in water. Sampling was performed five times, in 15 days intervals. Sample acquisition was made at supermarkets. In moisture, protein and ashes determination were used official methods of analysis reported by Association of Official Analytical Chemist (AOAC), and for fat analysis Bligh and Dyer methodology was used. Histamine presence was measured by means of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Differences in proximate composition depending on commercial brand and presentation. Moisture values for tuna canned in water were found between 71.98-75.59%, protein between 21.26-25.22%, fat 1.62-2.66% and ashes 1.48-1.57%. Values for tuna canned in oil were 66.43-67.12% for humidity, 23.44-25.84% for protein, 6.45-8.68% for fat and 1.11-1.46% for ash content. All analyzed canned tuna samples presented histamine, in some cases histamine concentrations were close to limit established by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of 50 ppm, because of this constant monitoring in canned tuna produced in Venezuela is suggested

Influence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus MTCC 451 on the levels of ascorbic acid and histamine in Penaeus monodon (Fabricius).

Juvenile shrimps (Penaeus monodon) weighing about 15-20 gms were procured from the grow-out ponds and reared under laboratory conditions. They were challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus MTCC 451 and their LD50 value was evaluated. The ascorbic acid and the histamine activity of both the control and experimental groups were assessed. The results showed a marked decline in both the parameters at all intervals. This reveals the pathogenesis of the inoculated bacterial strain, which affects the defense mechanism by reducing the glutathione content by the decreased level of ascorbic acid and letharginess by the decreased histamine content of the experimental prawns.

Avaliaçäo dos níveis de histamina em sardinhas frescas comercializadas na CEAGESP de Säo Paulo / Evaluation of histamina levels in fresh sardines commercialized at Säo Paulo CEAGESP (General Warehouse of Säo Paulo)

Objetivos: Avalia os níveis de histamina em pescado fresco como índice de qualidade, aplicando a técnica oficial (método fluorimétrico). Material e Método: As amostras de sardinha verdadeira (Sardinella brasiliensis), espécie marinha de peixe da família Clupeidae, comercializada na CEAGESP na cidade de Säo Paulo, foram limpas, os filés triturados, homogeneizados e, as análises realizadas imediatemente após coleta, perfazendo um total de 40 amostras, sendo cada uma analisada em triplicata. A análise de histamina foi feita pelo método fluorimétrico, recomendado pela AOAC (2000). Resultados: Verifica que as concentraçöes de histamina encontradas nas amostras säo baixas, com média de 4,14 ñ 1,92 mg de histamina livre por 1000 g de amostra. Conclusöes: Quanto ao método utilizado para análise, constata ser este satisfatório para a rotina laboratorial. Com relaçäo aos teores de histamina (mg de histamina livre / 1000 g de amostra), conclui que para este conjunto de amostras de sardinhas frescas coletadas para análise, os níveis de histamina obtidos estavam dentro do limite permitido pela legislaçäo brasileira e, segundo a literatura, considerados näo tóxicos.

Dosagem histamínica muscular de ratos exercitados / Muscular histamine dosage of exercised rats

Exercícios fisicos dinâmicos e executados em tempo prolongado podem resultar em elevaçao do nível de histamina (HA) no sangue e em outros tecidos, além dos hormônios clássicos. Este trabalho foi elaborado com o propósito de verificar se a resposta histamínica ao exercício agudo intenso pode ser duminuída após um período de treinamento. A efetividade do treinamento físico foi comprovada através da análise morfométrica do músculo gastrocnêmio e a determinaçao dos níveis de HA foi realizada pelo método fluorimétrico. A respeito do exercício agudo, houve aumento do nível de HA no músculo gastrocnêmio de ratos sedentários (3,06 + O,6343 mug/g; n=13) em comparaçao com o respectivo controle (2,46 + O,2444 mug/g; n=15). Nao houve significância estatística de concentraçao histamínica entre os grupos treinados entre si e quando foram comparados aos grupos sedentários. As alteraçoes na concentraçao de HA sao compatíveis com os efeitos clássicos do exercício e treinamento físico sobre a homeostasia microcirculatória. A atenuaçao da resposta histamínica ao exercício agudo, após um período de treinamento prolongado, pode ter implicaçoes nas respostas histamínicas desencadeadas pelo exercício. Essas duas possibilidades merecem outras investigaçoes.

Exposición aguda a diversas concentraciones de ozono en el cobayo: correlación entre inflamación e hiperreactividad de las vías aéreas / Acute exposure to several ozone concentrations in the guinea pig: correlation between inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness

El ozono (O3) es uno de los principales contaminates atmosfericos en las grandes urbes como la Ciudad de México. Entre las alteraciones que ocasiona están la infiltración neutrofílica y la hiperreactividad de las vías aéreas, pero aún existe controversia de si ambos fenómenos son independientes o tienen una relación causa-efecto. Para evaluar esta última posibilidad, se realizaron curvas dosis-repuesta no acumulativas con histamina (0.01 a 1.8 µg/kg, i.v.) en cobayos machos con o sin exposición previa a O3 (0.15, 0.3, 0.6 ó 1.2 ppm por 4h, 16-18 h antes del estudio). En todos los cobayos se realizó lavado broncoalveolar (LBA) al final de la curva a histamina. La respuesta broncoconstrictora a la histamina se evaluó como incremento de la presión de insuflación pulmonar. Se observó que la exposición aguda a O3 aumentó significativamente la sensibilidad de las vías aéreas a la histamina en los cobayos expuestos a 1.2 ppm de O3 (p<0.01), existiendo correlación entre el grado de reactividad de todos los grupos y la concentración de O3 inhalada (p<0.0003). El número de células totales se incrementó en el grupo de 1.2 ppm de O3 (p<0.05) y en forma global tuvo correlación con la concentración de O3 (r=0.37, p<0.05) y con la reactividad a la histamina (r=0.35, p<0.05). Asimismo, la población de neutrófilos se incrementó en los grupos expuestos a 0.3 (p<0.01) y 1.2 ppm de O3 (p<0.05). Sin embargo, no existió correlación entre el número de neutrófilos y la reactividad a la histamina o la concentración de O3. Estos resultados sugieren que el O3 aumenta la sensibilidad de las vías aéreas a la histamina de manera proporcional a la concentración de O3 inhalada, y que dicha hiperreactividad se presenta como consecuencia de un proceso inflamatorio, sin que se haya podido determinar cuál es el principal tipo celular involucrado en este fenómeno

Quality and safety of atlantic mackerel [scomber scomberus]: Effect of intermittent exposure at different temperatures

The quality and safety of fresh Atlantic mackerel [Scomber scombrus] due to repeated intermittent exposure 8 hr at 15 and 30 degree sign C prior to 16 hr ice storage was monitored. The experimental procedure simulates the handling regimes experienced in the markets of many developing countries. Histamine levels. thiobarbituric acid [TBA], hypoxanthine [Hx] and water binding potential [WBP] values as well as sensorical parameters were followed up for 4 days. Results indicated the presence of significant [P<0.01] hazardous histamine levels at day 4 for the high temperature [30 degree sign C] intermittent samples. 71 TBA values of the intermittent samples and control showed different induction trends. They reached significantly higher values at day 4 and were independent whether the intermittent temperatures were at 15 or 30 degree sign C. The Hx values of intermittent samples at 15 and 30 degree sign C were significantly higher than the control and reached their maximum peaking at day 2.The correlationcoefpcientfor both TBA and Hx values and flavour as scored by panelists showed a strongnegative correlation. The WBP values did not show distinctive significant values among different temperature exposures. Sensorical scores indicated that the odour, flavour and texture after day 3 were below the limits of acceptability. The chemical and sensory data emphasize the critical and hazardous handling regimes of fresh fatty fish at intermittent high temperatures [30 degree sign C] in the markets of many tropical developing countries

Comparación de inhibición de la prueba cutánea de la histamina con astemizol, ioratina y terfenadina / Comparison of inhibition of the histamine skin test with astemizol, loratadin and terphenadin

Estudio con 40 pacientes de la consulta externa de alergología, en el que se compara la reacción de tres farmácos en la inhibición dérmica de la histamina. A todos los pacientes se les aplicó histamina subcutánea que se revisó en diferentes días. Se comparó el tamaño de la pápula antes de administrar medicamentos y después de los mismos, se observó la reacción al vigésimo día para hacer las conclusiones del estudio. El astemizol obtuvo mejor resultado comparado con la Ioratina y la terfenadina. La Ioratadina tuvo mejor resultado que la terfenadina y ésta que el grupo testigo

Changes in the level of biogenic amines in experimentally infected and DEC treated proxy host mice.

The levels of biogenic amines, viz., epinephrine, histamine and dopamine were significantly altered in the blood and brain of the proxy host mice which were infected with the mf of Setaria digitata, a filarial parasite. When DEC, the drug of choice was administered to the infected mice, serotonine level was enhanced while the histamine level was decreased. The results were similar in normal mice which were given DEC.

Histamine, 5-HT & hyaluronidase in the venom of the scorpion Lychas laevifrons (Pock).

Factors involved in the pathophysiological changes such as severe pain, burning sensation, redness, swelling and edema in case of the scorpion L. laevifrons were investigated. The presence of pain-producing autacoids histamine 2.1 +/- 0.18 micrograms/mg and 5-HT 0.23 +/- 0.1 micrograms/ml was confirmed by thin layer chromatography and bioassay. Histamine releasing substance was detected in vitro in the chopped guineapig lung. Venom also contained hyaluronidase 5 x 10(-4) N-acetyl-D-glucosamine released/h/mg, which facilitates spread of the toxic principles in the tissues. It is concluded that histamine, 5-HT, histamine-releasing factor and hyaluronidase are partly involved in the pathophysiological changes induced by the venom. It is suggested that mepyramine and cyproheptadine may prove useful in the management of scorpion envenomation.

Immunoglobulins and allergy mediators in bronchial asthma.

Seventy four young asthmatics were evaluated to establish the role of immunoglobulins and allergy mediators in clinical asthma. They were categorized into Group I (n = 38) or Group II (n = 36) when having mild or severe bronchospasm respectively. In some patients, reversibility of bronchospasm (n = 35), exercise challenge (n = 24) and intradermal allergy testing (n = 24) were also studied. Seventy subjects had raised IgE levels (greater than 100 KU/L) but these did not correlate with the severity of clinical or exercise induced asthma or with reversibility of bronchospasm. An IgE level greater than 1000 KU/L was associated with more number of positive skin tests. Group II subjects had a shorter blood recalcification time (p less than 0.01) and higher levels of IgG, histamine and serotonin (p less than 0.001). It appears that severe asthma is associated with activation of blood coagulation, and release of allergy mediators contributes to the evolution of bronchospasm. Total IgE predicts the utility of skin testing in asthma.

Gastric acetylcholine and histamine content of normal and Trypanosoma cruzi - infected rats

The consequences of acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection for acetylcholine and histamine levels in gastric wall and for mast cells of the stomach were studied in rats. Intraperitoneal infection with 4,000 trypomastigotes/g of a Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi led to a 4-fold decrease in gastric acetylcholine level and to a 57 - and 15-fold increase in histamine content in the membranous and glandular regions of the rat stomach, respectively. Infection of rats with Trypanosoma cruzi also induced a 2- and 4-fold increase in mast cell numbers in the membranous and glandular regions of the muscle layer of the gastric wall, respectively, and a ganglionic inflammatory reaction with predominance of mononuclear cells. We conclude that in acutely Trypanosoma cruzi-infected rats, the reduction of acetylcholine content is due to gastric denervation and that the histamine increase might be secondary to gastric denervation and/or to an increase in the number of mast cells of the gastric wall

Efeito de antiinflamatórios sobre o conteúdo histamínico pulmonar de ratos submetidos ao edema pulmonar agudo adrenalínico / Effect of antiinflamatory drugs on histamine pulmonary contents of rats submitted to acute adrenaline pulmonary edema

O conteúdo histamínico pulmonar de ratos submetidos ao edema pulmonar agudo adrenalínico näo foi afetado pelos antiinflamatórios tremaril e ácido acetilsalicílico. Porém, os animais previamente tratados com indometacina, na dose única de 50 mg/kg, assim como nas três doses de 25 mg/kg, apresentaram uma variaçäo estatisticamente significativa do conteúdo histamínico pulmonar. O mesmo fato foi observado com os animais pré-tratados com fenazona (10, 40 e 80 mg/kg). Os animais pré-tratados com fenilbutazona, nas doses de 10 e 80 mg/kg e aqueles com oxifenilbutazona (20 mg/kg) apresentaram uma variaçäo estatisticamente significativa do conteúdo histamínico pulmonar